IMMUNOGENETIC AND CYTOKINE MARKERS FOR ASSESSING IMMUNOINFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN BRUCELLOSIS

Abstract

Brucellosis, a widespread zoonotic infection caused by Brucella species, continues to pose a substantial public health challenge, particularly in endemic areas. This paper examines the fundamental mechanisms involved in brucellosis pathogenesis, including pathogen recognition processes, immune evasion strategies utilized by Brucella, and the integrated roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in disease development. Particular attention is given to the ability of Brucella to alter host immune regulation, thereby promoting persistent and chronic infection. From an epidemiological perspective, the study addresses the major routes of transmission, associated risk factors, and the wider impact of brucellosis on global health. In addition, recent progress in diagnostic methodologies, especially molecular diagnostic tools and the identification of novel biomarkers, is reviewed to improve disease detection and monitoring. The paper also evaluates current therapeutic approaches, including standard antimicrobial regimens and emerging immunotherapeutic strategies, highlighting their challenges and future directions. By providing a clearer understanding of the molecular and immunological basis of brucellosis pathogenesis, this study emphasizes the value of multidisciplinary strategies in advancing diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and clinical management of this persistent infectious disease.