COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL AND DIGITAL METHODS IN TEACHING HUMAN ANATOMY

Abstract

Human anatomy is a fundamental component of medical education and requires both theoretical knowledge and strong three-dimensional spatial understanding. Traditional approaches such as lectures, textbooks, anatomical atlases, cadaveric dissection, and physical models have long formed the basis of anatomy teaching. In recent years, digital tools including virtual reality, augmented reality, three-dimensional software, interactive platforms, and digital atlases have increasingly been incorporated into medical curricula. The aim of this study was to compare traditional and digital methods of teaching human anatomy and to evaluate their relative advantages, limitations, and educational effectiveness. A literature-based analytical method was used to examine evidence concerning knowledge acquisition, spatial understanding, student engagement, accessibility, clinical integration, and practical competence. The findings indicate that traditional methods remain especially valuable for understanding real anatomical variation, tissue relationships, and practical orientation, whereas digital methods improve visualization, flexibility, repeated learning, and student motivation. Neither approach is fully sufficient when used alone. The most effective strategy appears to be a blended model that combines cadaveric and conventional teaching with interactive digital technologies. Such integration can improve anatomical comprehension while preserving the practical and clinical strengths of traditional education